Black Holes

Regions of spacetime where gravity is so extreme that nothing, not even light, can escape beyond the event horizon.

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Cosmic Microwave Background

The thermal radiation relic of the hot Big Bang, encoding the state of the universe 380,000 years after its formation.

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Dark Matter

The non-luminous mass component comprising roughly 27% of the universe's energy budget, inferred from gravitational effects.

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Friedmann Equations and Cosmology

The dynamical equations governing the expansion history of a homogeneous, isotropic universe derived from general relativity.

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General Relativity

Einstein's geometric theory of gravitation describing spacetime curvature produced by mass and energy.

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Gravitational Waves

Ripples in spacetime curvature propagating at the speed of light, produced by accelerating asymmetric mass distributions.

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Hubble's Law and Cosmic Expansion

The empirical relationship between a galaxy's recession velocity and its distance, forming the foundation of observational cosmology.

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Nucleosynthesis

The nuclear processes that forge every element from hydrogen to uranium inside stars, supernovae, and the Big Bang.

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Stellar Evolution

The life cycle of stars from gravitational collapse through nuclear burning phases to their final compact remnants.

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Stellar Structure Equations

The four coupled differential equations governing the interior structure of stars in hydrostatic equilibrium.

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