Carbon Cycle Modeling

Box models of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, ocean, and land biosphere, including feedback parameters that modulate the airborne fraction of emissions.

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Climate Feedbacks

The physical mechanisms by which an initial warming perturbation is amplified or damped, quantified through the feedback framework and linearized forcing-response relationships.

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Climate Sensitivity

Quantifying how much global mean temperature responds to a doubling of CO₂, from feedback analysis to paleoclimate and observational constraints.

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Energy Balance Models

Zero- and one-dimensional models of Earth's temperature from the balance between absorbed solar radiation and outgoing longwave emission.

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Extreme Events and Climate Attribution

Extreme value theory provides the statistical framework for quantifying rare weather events, their return periods, and their changing likelihood under climate change.

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General Circulation Models

Full three-dimensional models of Earth's climate system based on the primitive equations of atmospheric and oceanic fluid dynamics.

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Numerical Weather Prediction

Mathematical foundations of operational weather forecasting, from the primitive equations and data assimilation to ensemble prediction and probabilistic skill metrics.

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Ocean Circulation

The physical dynamics of large-scale ocean flow, from geostrophic balance and wind-driven gyres to the thermohaline circulation and ENSO variability.

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Radiative Forcing

The change in Earth's energy budget caused by an external perturbation, measured in watts per square meter, and its role in attributing observed climate change.

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Sea Ice Modeling

Thermodynamic and dynamic modeling of sea ice, including the Stefan freezing condition, viscous-plastic rheology, and Arctic decline under climate change.

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