Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The turbulent lowest kilometre of the atmosphere that mediates exchanges of heat, moisture, and momentum between the surface and free troposphere.

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Atmospheric Thermodynamics

The thermodynamic laws governing temperature, stability, and phase change in the atmosphere.

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Atmospheric Waves

Rossby waves, gravity waves, and their dispersion relations that govern large-scale energy propagation in the atmosphere.

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Data Assimilation

Combining model forecasts with observations using Bayesian estimation to produce optimal initial conditions for NWP.

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Ensemble Forecasting

Quantifying forecast uncertainty by running multiple model simulations from perturbed initial conditions.

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Mesoscale Convection

The organisation of thunderstorms into mesoscale convective systems driven by CAPE, wind shear, and cold pool dynamics.

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Numerical Weather Prediction

How finite-difference and spectral methods solve the atmospheric PDEs that drive operational weather forecasts.

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Primitive Equations

The governing equations of atmospheric motion on a rotating sphere, forming the backbone of all global weather and climate models.

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Tropical Cyclones

The dynamics of warm-core rotating vortices that form over tropical oceans and can reach devastating intensities.

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Weather Radar

How radar equations, reflectivity, Doppler velocity, and dual-polarisation moments are used to observe precipitation and storms.

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